|
A peak experience is a moment accompanied by a euphoric mental state often achieved by self-actualizing individuals. The concept was originally developed by Abraham Maslow in 1964, who describes peak experiences as "rare, exciting, oceanic, deeply moving, exhilarating, elevating experiences that generate an advanced form of perceiving reality, and are even mystic and magical in their effect upon the experimenter."〔Maslow, A.H. (1964). Religions, values, and peak experiences. ''London: Penguin Books Limited.''〕 There are several unique characteristics of a peak experience, but each element is perceived together in a holistic manner that creates the moment of reaching one’s full potential. Peak experiences can range from simple activities to intense events;〔(【引用サイトリンク】first1=John )〕 however, it is not necessarily about what the activity is, but the ecstatic, care-free feeling that is being experienced during it. ==History== Peak experiences were originally described by psychologist Abraham Maslow as "moments of highest happiness and fulfillment" in his 1964 work ''Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences''.〔 To some extent the term represents Maslow's attempt to denominate those experiences which have generally been identified as ''religious'' experiences and whose origins have, by implication, been thought of as supernatural. Maslow (1970) believed the origin, core and essence of every known "high religion" was "the private, lonely, personal illumination, revelation, or ecstasy of some acutely sensitive prophet or seer" (p. 19). Maslow's assertions about peak experience, along with his famous hierarchy of needs, were widely celebrated due to the theories' focus on the psychology of healthy people, which stood out in a time where the bulk of psychology research focused on psychological disorders.〔Boniface, M.R. (2007). Towards an understanding of flow and other positive experience phenomena within outdoor and adventurous activities. '' Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 1,'' 55-68.〕 In original peak experience research, Maslow utilized interviews and questionnaires to gather participants' testimonies of peak experience. These early studies suggested common triggers for peak experience included art, nature, sex, creative work, music, scientific knowledge, and introspection.〔Privette, G. (1983). Peak experience, peak performance and flow: A comparative analysis of positive human experiences. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, ''1361-1368.〕 Historically, peak experience is associated with the psychological phenomenon flow. Peak experience is differentiated from flow due to a number of factors including subjective level of experience intensity: while peak experience denotes a high level of stimulation or euphoria, flow is not associated with an increased level of stimulation.〔 For further differentiation, see "Peak Experiences in Self-Actualization" below. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peak experience」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|